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2. Drug classification (major classes & examples)

  • Analgesics: paracetamol, ibuprofen, morphine
  • Antibiotics: penicillins (amoxicillin), cephalosporins (cephalexin), macrolides (azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
  • Antivirals: acyclovir, oseltamivir, remdesivir
  • Antifungals: fluconazole, amphotericin B
  • Antihypertensives: ACE inhibitors (lisinopril), ARBs (losartan), beta-blockers (metoprolol), calcium-channel blockers (amlodipine)
  • Diabetics: insulin (rapid/long-acting), metformin, sulfonylureas (glipizide), SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin)
  • Lipids: statins (atorvastatin), fibrates (fenofibrate)
  • Anticoagulants/antiplatelets: warfarin, DOACs (apixaban), aspirin, clopidogrel
  • Psychotropics: SSRIs (sertraline), SNRIs (venlafaxine), antipsychotics (risperidone), benzodiazepines (lorazepam)
  • Gastrointestinal: PPIs (omeprazole), H2 blockers (ranitidine*), laxatives, antiemetics (ondansetron)
  • Respiratory: bronchodilators (salbutamol), inhaled corticosteroids (fluticasone)
  • Vitamins & minerals: vitamin D, B12, iron, folic acid

C. Drug Classification and Comparisons

A hallmark of the guide is the use of comparative tables. These sections allow the reader to quickly differentiate between drugs within the same class based on efficacy, side effect profiles, and cost.

10. Quick reference: dosing examples (adult typical)

  • Paracetamol: 500–1000 mg every 4–6 h, max 4 g/day (lower for chronic/alcohol).
  • Amoxicillin (adult): 500 mg every 8 h or 875 mg every 12 h.
  • Atorvastatin: 10–80 mg once daily at night.
  • Metformin: start 500 mg twice daily; max 2 g/day (immediate release) or 2.5 g/day (extended) depending on guideline.
  • Enalapril/lisinopril: start 5–10 mg once daily, titrate.
    (Adjust for renal function and specific patient factors.)

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A. Clinical Pharmacology

  • Mechanisms of Action: Detailed yet simplified explanations of how drug classes work at the molecular and physiological levels.
  • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Essential parameters regarding absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) are highlighted to guide dosing adjustments.

4. Dosing principles & calculations

  • Loading dose: Dose = desired concentration × Vd.
  • Maintenance dose rate: Rate = Cl × desired concentration.
  • Renal dosing: reduce dose or extend interval based on eGFR/creatinine clearance.
  • Weight-based dosing: mg/kg — use ideal vs actual body weight where appropriate (e.g., aminoglycosides).
  • Pediatrics: use weight (mg/kg) and age adjustments; check concentration units.

8. Safe prescribing checklist

  1. Indication and target therapy.
  2. Dose (including loading dose if needed).
  3. Route and formulation.
  4. Duration and review date.
  5. Allergies and intolerances.
  6. Interactions and contraindications.
  7. Monitoring plan (labs, therapeutic levels).
  8. Patient counselling (how/when to take, side effects, missed dose instructions).

B. Disease Management & Therapeutics

The guide utilizes a systems-based approach, covering major organ systems and associated pathologies: Report: Pharma Guide by Dhshan Hassan Dhshan 2

  • Cardiovascular System: Hypertension, heart failure, angina, and anticoagulation therapy.
  • Respiratory System: Asthma, COPD, and allergic rhinitis management.
  • Endocrine System: Diabetes management (insulin and oral hypoglycemics) and thyroid disorders.
  • Infectious Diseases: Antibiotic stewardship, classification of antimicrobials, and treatment protocols for common infections.
  • Central Nervous System: Management of depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and pain management (analgesics).