Japanese Password List Updated -

This text provides an overview of common password patterns in Japan, recent security trends, and best practices for creating secure, localized credentials. Common Japanese Password Patterns

Japanese users often follow specific linguistic or cultural patterns when creating passwords. While these are easy to remember, they are frequently targeted by localized brute-force attacks.

Romaji Transliteration: Converting Japanese words into Latin script (e.g., sakura, daisuki, nihon).

Keyboard Patterns: Using physical keyboard layouts, such as "qwerty" or patterns based on Japanese "kana" input layouts.

Goroawase (Number Mnemonics): Using numbers that sound like words (e.g., 4649 for yoroshiku, 39 for sankyuu/thank you).

Significant Dates: Incorporating Era names like Heisei or Reiwa alongside year dates (e.g., Reiwa2024). Recent Security Trends in Japan (2024-2026)

Recent data from cybersecurity reports in Japan indicates a shift in how credentials are managed and compromised.

Credential Stuffing: Increased attacks on Japanese e-commerce sites using leaked lists from global breaches.

Phishing Kits: Rise in localized phishing emails (especially targeting banks and postal services) designed to harvest credentials.

Passkey Adoption: Major Japanese services (Yahoo! Japan, NTT Docomo) are moving toward FIDO2 passkeys to eliminate traditional passwords.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): A 30% increase in MFA adoption across Japanese corporate sectors to combat weak password habits. Best Practices for Secure Japanese Credentials

To ensure maximum security, avoid predictable localized strings and follow these updated guidelines: 📍 Avoid Transliterated Slang

Common phrases like ohayou or itadakimasu are in most standard Japanese wordlists. 📍 Combine Scripts Use a mix of Romaji, numbers, and special characters. Example: Instead of Sushi123, use S-u-sh1_20!26. 📍 Lengthen the String

Modern standards recommend a minimum of 12 to 16 characters.

Longer "passphrases" are significantly harder to crack than short, complex passwords. 📍 Use a Password Manager

Automate the creation of unique, random strings for every service.

This prevents a single leak from compromising all your Japanese accounts.

If you'd like, I can help you draft a security memo for your team or provide a list of Japanese-language security resources for further reading.

In the glowing heart of Tokyo, worked as a junior analyst for a cybersecurity firm tasked with monitoring the dark web's latest "collections." One rainy Tuesday in April 2026, he watched a new file propagate across underground forums: RockYou2024_Japan_Updated.txt.

As he parsed the data, a familiar but disappointing pattern emerged. Despite years of warnings, the "Top Passwords of Japan" list remained a graveyard of predictability. The Predictable Top Ten

Kenji sighed as he ran the numbers. For the second year in a row, the king of the Japanese digital underworld was 123456. It was a global phenomenon, but in Japan, it sat alongside uniquely local favorites. Crack Time (Est.) Significance 123456 < 1 second Universal simplicity 123456789 < 1 second Just enough digits to "feel" long password < 1 second The literal definition of irony qwerty123 < 1 second A keyboard-friendly classic sakura < 1 second A seasonal floral favorite 1qaz2wsx < 1 second A "vertical" keyboard pattern doraemon < 1 second Beloved anime nostalgia himawari < 1 second "Sunflower"—another floral entry nyanmage < 1 second A surprising mascot appearance aishiteru < 1 second "I love you" The "Hidden" Patterns

Diving deeper into the GitHub Japanese wordlists, Kenji noticed "seasonal" security: Fuyu2016 (Winter), Haru2017 (Spring), and Aki12345 (Autumn) were peppered throughout the leak.

The updated list also highlighted a strange cultural shift. Following a recent government urge for citizens to include digital passwords in their wills to assist with "digital end-of-life planning," a surge of simple, "sharable" passwords had appeared. Users were choosing convenience for their heirs over complexity for hackers. The Wake-Up Call

The story turned grim when Kenji cross-referenced the list with recent breaches. Japan's Most Popular Passwords in 2022 | Nippon.com

This story is based on real-world trends from updated Japanese password lists in 2025 and 2026, which reveal how local culture and predictable habits continue to shape digital security in Japan. The Great List of 2025

In late 2025, a massive update to the Japanese password list was released by security researchers following a "Compilation of Many Breaches" (COMB). The data confirmed that while Japan remains one of the world's most cyber-secure nations, individual habits are often its weakest link. The Predictable Patterns

The updated list highlights three major categories that Japanese users still lean on:

The "Convenience" Kings: Most top passwords can be cracked in under a second. 123456789 took the top spot in Japan for 2025.

159753qq emerged as a uniquely popular "keyboard-walk" on numpads.

1qaz2wsx remains a favorite because it follows the vertical rows of a standard QWERTY keyboard.

Cultural Staples: The list is peppered with Japanese words written in Roman letters (romaji).

Nature & Seasons: Words like sakura (cherry blossom), himawari (sunflower), and seasonal terms like haru (spring) or natsu (summer) are extremely common.

Pop Culture: Fans often use doraemon, onepiece, or gandamu (Gundam).

Greetings: Simple politeness carries over into security with arigato (thank you) and yokoso (welcome).

Names and Hobbies: Personal identifiers like hiromi, miyuki, and yamamoto are frequently seen, alongside sports like baseball (the most popular sport in Japan) and takoyaki (a favorite snack). A Digital Legacy

The story took a unique turn in late 2024 when the Japanese government began urging citizens to include their usernames and passwords in their wills. This initiative aims to help grieving families manage the "digital legacy" of their loved ones and reduce the environmental impact of data centers by closing unused accounts. Protecting Your "Pasuwado"

Understanding the landscape of common passwords in Japan is vital for both cybersecurity professionals performing penetration testing and everyday users looking to secure their accounts. As of early 2026, data from major security breaches shows that simplicity and predictable patterns continue to dominate Japanese password habits. Top 10 Most Common Passwords in Japan (2025–2026) japanese password list updated

Despite increasing awareness of cyber threats, many Japanese users still favor short numerical sequences that can be cracked in less than a second. The following list represents the most frequent findings in recent leak analyses, including major reports like the NordPass Top 200 and local Japanese data studies. Crack Time (Approx.) 123456789 < 1 second 123456 < 1 second password < 1 second 1234 < 1 second 1qaz2wsx < 1 second 12345 < 1 second 303030 < 1 second 1111 < 1 second admin < 1 second qwerty < 1 second Cultural & Keyboard Patterns in Japanese Credentials

Beyond simple numbers, Japanese passwords often incorporate romaji (Japanese words written in Latin script), cultural icons, and specific keyboard "shapes".

Anime & Pop Culture: Familiar names like doraemon, onepiece, and anpanman frequently appear in regional wordlists.

Common Names & Greetings: Romanized names such as takahiro, miyuki, and sakura (cherry blossom) are highly prevalent. Simple greetings like arigatou (thank you) or aisiteru (I love you) also rank consistently.

Keyboard "Shaping": Patterns like 1qaz2wsx are common because they follow a vertical line on a standard QWERTY keyboard, making them easy to remember and type but trivial for automated tools to crack.

Numerical Wordplay (Goroawase): Historically, Japanese users have used "goroawase" (phonetic number matching). For example, 4649 (yo-ro-shi-ku, meaning "best regards") or 5963 (go-ku-ro-san, meaning "good work") are often found in older or simpler credential sets. Updated Resources for Security Professionals

For those looking for comprehensive datasets for security auditing or research, several repositories maintain updated Japanese-specific wordlists:

Ignis Japanese 150: A widely used list of 150 common Japanese passwords, including names, anime references, and goroawase, available on GitHub.

SecLists Localized Lists: The industry-standard SecLists repository includes community-contributed wordlists that capture localized Japanese terminology found in web crawls and leaks.

Weakpass Japanese Dictionary: A large-scale dictionary optimized for hash cracking that focuses on Japanese linguistic patterns, hosted at Weakpass. Protecting Your Identity in 2026

With large-scale leaks like "RockYou2024" exposing over 10 billion records, weak passwords are more vulnerable than ever. Experts from Kaspersky and ZDNet recommend the following: New Year's resolutions for a cybersecure 2025 - Kaspersky

Recent reports and academic papers from early 2026 reveal that Japanese password habits remain dominated by simple numeric sequences, though they show unique cultural and keyboard-based patterns compared to Western users. Top Japanese Passwords (2025–2026)

While global favorites like "123456" remain common, Japan-specific data highlights a preference for longer numeric strings and Romaji (Japanese in English letters) words.

123456789 – Often the #1 password in Japan, favored for its perceived (but false) safety due to length.

123456 – The perennially most common password globally and a top-three choice in Japan.

password – Extremely frequent in corporate and personal settings.

1qaz2wsx – A "keyboard-walk" pattern where users type vertically on a QWERTY keyboard.

sakura – (Cherry blossom) One of the most popular cultural terms used in passwords.

himawari – (Sunflower) Common flower name found in multiple leak datasets.

doraemon – A prime example of anime/manga names appearing in the top 50.

hiromi / miyuki – Personal names are frequently used by Japanese users. 🔬 Academic Findings on Japanese Passwords

A comprehensive study published in January 2026 analyzed 48.5 million leaked Japanese passwords, identifying several distinctive characteristics: Key Characteristics

High Dispersion: Unlike English or Chinese users, Japanese users don't flock to a single "top" password. The #1 password typically accounts for less than 0.4% of any given dataset.

Length Preference: 85% of Japanese passwords are between 6 and 10 characters long, with 8 characters being the absolute most frequent length.

Keyboard Patterns: Japanese users frequently combine multiple keyboard-walks (e.g., asdf12345), a habit more prevalent than in other language spheres.

Numerical Trends: Japanese users often incorporate dates, particularly birth years or the year the password was set. Suggested Improvements

Research on Japanese Mnemonic Passwords suggests that users can create 14–18 character passwords by remembering a simple 6–8 character Japanese sentence and two numbers, significantly increasing security without losing memorability. If you'd like, I can help you: Draft a summary of this data for a presentation

Analyze specific patterns like how cultural words (e.g., "sakura") compare to Western ones

Look for tools to help you generate or manage stronger passwords

7. Verdict

Useful but unpolished.
The updated Japanese password list is a significant improvement for security testing and defense. However, lack of documentation and presence of invalid entries reduce its reliability in automated pipelines. Still highly recommended for Japanese-language environments.

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The Ultimate Guide to Japanese Password List Updated: Enhancing Online Security

In today's digital age, online security has become a top priority for individuals and organizations alike. With the increasing number of cyber-attacks and data breaches, it's essential to use strong and unique passwords to protect your online identity. In this article, we'll discuss the concept of a Japanese password list updated and provide you with valuable insights on how to enhance your online security.

What is a Japanese Password List?

A Japanese password list refers to a collection of commonly used passwords in Japan. These passwords are often used by individuals to secure their online accounts, such as social media, email, and banking websites. The list typically includes a range of passwords, from simple and easily guessable to more complex and secure.

Why is a Japanese Password List Updated Important?

A Japanese password list updated is crucial for several reasons: This text provides an overview of common password

1. Improved Online Security: Using a strong and unique password is essential to protect your online identity. A Japanese password list updated helps you to identify commonly used passwords and avoid using them, thereby reducing the risk of your account being compromised.
2. Prevention of Data Breaches: Data breaches are becoming increasingly common, and using weak passwords can put your personal data at risk. A Japanese password list updated helps you to stay informed about the most commonly used passwords and take necessary precautions to protect your data.
3. Enhanced Password Management: A Japanese password list updated can help you to manage your passwords more effectively. By avoiding commonly used passwords, you can reduce the risk of password fatigue and ensure that your online accounts are secure.

Common Japanese Passwords to Avoid

Here are some commonly used Japanese passwords to avoid:

• password123
• qwerty
• letmein
• dragonball
• naruto
• pokemon
• sakura
• yahoo (in Japanese,)

Best Practices for Creating Strong Passwords

To enhance your online security, follow these best practices for creating strong passwords:

1. Use a combination of characters: Use a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters to create a strong password.
2. Avoid commonly used passwords: Steer clear of commonly used passwords, including those on the Japanese password list updated.
3. Use a password manager: Consider using a password manager to generate and store unique passwords for each of your online accounts.
4. Change your passwords regularly: Regularly update your passwords to minimize the risk of your account being compromised.

How to Update Your Japanese Password List

To ensure that your passwords are secure, follow these steps to update your Japanese password list:

1. Review your current passwords: Take stock of your current passwords and identify any that are weak or easily guessable.
2. Use a password strength meter: Utilize a password strength meter to assess the strength of your passwords.
3. Update weak passwords: Replace weak passwords with strong, unique ones.
4. Store your passwords securely: Use a password manager or a secure storage device to store your updated passwords.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a Japanese password list updated is an essential tool for enhancing online security. By avoiding commonly used passwords and following best practices for creating strong passwords, you can significantly reduce the risk of your online accounts being compromised. Remember to regularly update your passwords and use a password manager to ensure that your online identity is secure.

Additional Resources

For more information on online security and password management, check out the following resources:

• Japan's National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) guidelines for password management
• The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) guidelines for online security
• Password management tools, such as LastPass and 1Password

By staying informed and taking proactive steps to enhance your online security, you can protect your digital identity and enjoy a safer online experience.

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1. Common Password Patterns in Japan

Security researchers have identified specific patterns unique to Japanese culture that appear frequently in updated password lists. These lists are often used in "dictionary attacks" against Japanese servers.

Key Characteristics:

• Keyboard Layout (QWERTY to Kana): Many Japanese users create passwords based on the standard romaji input.
  • Example: The sequence "qwerty" corresponds to specific hiragana characters on a Japanese keyboard (たていすかん - ta te i su ka n). Consequently, "tateisukan" or similar nonsense words appear frequently in Japanese password lists.
• Cultural Phrases:
  • Doraemon: The name of the famous anime cat is historically one of the most common passwords in Japan.
  • Pokemon: Names of popular characters (Pikachu, Mewtwo) are widely used.
  • Common Surnames: Sato, Suzuki, Takahashi.
• Numeric Patterns:
  • Passwords like 123456, 111111, and 000000 remain dominant globally but are extremely prevalent in Japan, particularly for older systems or IoT devices.
  • Japanese specific dates (e.g., Emperor's birthdays, holiday dates like 0101 for New Year's) often appear.

How to Keep Your Japanese Password List Updated (Securely)

Managing passwords is tricky anywhere, but in Japan—where you may juggle romaji, kana, kanji usernames, and services like LINE, PayPay, Rakuten, or My Number Portal—staying organized is critical. Below is a practical guide to maintaining an updated password list without compromising security.

Quick Checklist – Keep Your Japanese Password List Updated

✅ Use a password manager (Bitwarden recommended for Japan).
✅ For paper lists: encrypt or lock away; update immediately in red ink.
✅ Note service-specific rules (no &, 6-digit PINs).
✅ Change passwords every 3–6 months, plus after any breach.
✅ Never reuse passwords across major JP services.
✅ Delete old versions of your password list securely.

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安全第一！ (Safety first!) Keeping your password list updated takes 10 minutes a month but saves you from identity theft, banking fraud, or losing access to your LINE account. Start today.

Japanese Password List Updated: A Comprehensive Guide

In the realm of cybersecurity, password lists play a crucial role in protecting against unauthorized access. A well-curated password list can help prevent brute-force attacks and ensure the security of sensitive information. This guide focuses on an updated Japanese password list, providing insights into its creation, usage, and best practices for password management.

Why is a Japanese Password List Necessary?

Japan, being a technologically advanced country, has a significant online presence. With the rise of digital services, online transactions, and social media, the need for secure passwords has become more pressing than ever. A Japanese password list is essential for several reasons:

1. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: Japanese characters (Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana) and naming conventions are unique. A password list tailored to the Japanese context can help ensure that passwords are relevant and easily memorable for users.
2. Password Policy Compliance: Many organizations operating in Japan require passwords to meet specific complexity and security standards. A Japanese password list can aid in creating passwords that adhere to these policies.

Creating an Updated Japanese Password List

To create an effective Japanese password list, consider the following factors:

• Character Set: Include a mix of Japanese characters (Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana) and alphanumeric characters.
• Common Names and Words: Incorporate frequently used Japanese names, words, and phrases to make passwords more memorable.
• Randomization and Unpredictability: Ensure that passwords are randomly generated and unpredictable to prevent guessing attacks.

Some popular Japanese words and phrases that can be used as inspiration for passwords include:

• Seasonal greetings: (konnichiwa) - hello, (ohayou gozaimasu) - good morning, (konbanwa) - good evening.
• Common names: (Taro), (Yui), (Kenji).
• Food and drink: (sushi), (ramen), (matcha).

Best Practices for Password Management

To maximize the effectiveness of a Japanese password list, follow these best practices:

1. Use a Password Manager: Consider using a reputable password manager to securely store and generate complex passwords.
2. Password Rotation: Regularly update passwords to minimize the risk of compromised credentials.
3. Multi-Factor Authentication: Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) to add an extra layer of security.

Tools and Resources

Several tools and resources can aid in creating and managing a Japanese password list:

• Password Generation Tools: Utilize online password generators or software applications that can create complex, randomized passwords.
• Japanese Character Encoders: Use encoders to convert Japanese characters into ASCII or Unicode formats for easier use in password lists.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

When creating and using a Japanese password list, avoid the following common mistakes:

• Using easily guessable information: Avoid using easily guessable information such as names, birthdays, or common words.
• Not rotating passwords: Failing to regularly update passwords can lead to compromised credentials. With that said, if one does change their password often they may end up writing down their passwords somewhere and in turn, lose that piece of paper.

By understanding the importance of a well-curated password list and following best practices, individuals and organizations can enhance their cybersecurity posture and protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.

Japanese password behavior is a unique blend of global bad habits and distinct cultural patterns. While global lists are dominated by sequences like "123456," Japanese users often favor specific cultural references —such as flower names and anime characters—and unique keyboard patterns ResearchGate The Top Offenders (Updated for 2024-2026) According to the latest data from

and security researchers, the most frequently used passwords in Japan mirror global trends in simplicity, but with local variations: nippon.com (Persistent #1 globally and in Japan) (A "keyboard walk" pattern descending from the top-left) (Cherry blossom) (Common Japanese personal names) (Popular anime/manga franchises) (Sunflower) Key Cultural Characteristics

Recent empirical studies of nearly 49 million leaked Japanese passwords highlights several unique behaviors: Springer Nature Link Keyboard-Walk Dominance : Japanese users are particularly fond of patterns like

. These are perceived as "complex" because they look random, but they are easily cracked by modern tools. Linguistic Dispersion

: Japanese passwords show a higher "dispersion" compared to English or Chinese lists, meaning users pull from a wider variety of specific local words rather than a small set of generic ones. Nature & Pop Culture : Flower names ( ) and iconic anime names (

) consistently appear in the Japanese top 50, whereas these are rare in Western datasets. ResearchGate Why These Lists Matter Now Useful but unpolished

Cybersecurity threats have evolved, making these common passwords more dangerous than ever: Instant Cracking

: Modern hardware can crack nearly all top 20 Japanese passwords in less than one second. Credential Stuffing

: Hackers use these lists to launch automated attacks across thousands of sites simultaneously. Moving Beyond Passwords : Experts now recommend multi-factor authentication (MFA) to replace traditional password lists entirely. nippon.com Expert Recommendations for 2026 To move beyond these vulnerable lists, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other experts recommend:

I’m missing details. I’ll assume you want a report on an updated list of commonly used Japanese passwords (password list update). I will:

• Analyze the list for common patterns (lengths, character sets, keyboard patterns, repeated strings).
• Identify top 100 most common passwords and their frequencies.
• Categorize by language/script (kana, kanji, romaji, alphanumeric).
• Highlight risky passwords and password-strength distribution.
• Provide recommendations for password policy and user education.
• Include sample regexes to detect weak passwords and suggested banned-password rules.
• Give brief methodology and caveats about dataset bias.

Confirm and provide:

1. The password list file (upload or paste; format: one password per line or CSV with counts).
2. Desired output format: PDF, Markdown, or plain text.
3. Any privacy constraints (redact samples, omit raw passwords in report).

If that matches, upload the file and preferred format and I’ll generate the report.

Analysis of Japanese Password Characteristics and Security Trends

Recent studies on the characteristics of Japanese user-created passwords reveal unique linguistic and cultural patterns that distinguish them from those in other language spheres. This paper outlines the findings from recent analyses of leaked Japanese password datasets, current common password trends, and strategic shifts toward passwordless authentication in Japan. 1. Unique Characteristics of Japanese Passwords

Contrary to global trends dominated by simple English words or numeric strings, Japanese passwords exhibit greater dispersion and specific cultural markers. Keyboard-Walk Patterns : Japanese users frequently utilize patterns like

, which follow the layout of characters on a standard keyboard. Cultural and Linguistic Influence

: There is a high prevalence of cultural terms and "base words" in Japanese passwords. : Flower names like (cherry blossom) and (sunflower) are common. : Personal names such as frequently appear in leaked lists. Pop Culture : References to anime and manga, such as , are notably present. Use of Dates

: Japanese users show a marked preference for using dates in their passwords compared to users in the UK or India. 2. Global and Regional Commonality

Despite unique cultural markers, many Japanese passwords still fall into the category of "universally weak" credentials. Password (2022-2025 Trends) Security Risk Hackable in under 1 second Extremely common global vulnerability Popular numeric sequence in Japan and Canada Minimal complexity

Research indicates that using a population-specific dictionary (targeting Japanese users) only increases cracking efficiency by about a factor of 2 compared to globally optimal lists, suggesting that weak habits are fundamentally similar across borders. 3. Proposed Security Enhancements

Security researchers have proposed methods specifically optimized for Japanese users to bridge the gap between memorability and security.

The following paper examines the current landscape of credential security in

, highlighting the persistent use of weak authentication patterns despite growing cyber threats.

Security Analysis: Updated Trends in Japanese Credential Patterns 1. Abstract

As of early 2026, cybersecurity remains a critical pillar of Japan’s digital infrastructure. Despite advancements in multi-factor authentication (MFA), a significant portion of the population continues to rely on predictable password strings. This paper analyzes the "updated" Japanese password lists to identify cultural linguistic patterns and common vulnerabilities that malicious actors exploit. 2. Common Patterns and Global Commonalities

While Japanese users share global tendencies toward numerical simplicity, specific localized variations appear frequently in recent data dumps. Numeric Sequences

: Like the rest of the world, strings such as "123456" and "123456789" remain the most prevalent. Default Credentials

: The term "admin" continues to rank in the top three most used passwords globally, a trend mirrored in Japanese enterprise and IoT environments. Keyboard Patterns

: "QWERTY" and its Japanese keyboard equivalents (such as "asdfghjkl") are frequently observed. 3. Localized Linguistic Vulnerabilities

Analysis of recent Japanese-specific datasets reveals unique, culturally grounded password choices: Romaji Names and Terms

: Words like "sakura" (cherry blossom), "password" (often written as

or similar), and common surnames (e.g., "Sato," "Tanaka") coupled with birth years are standard. Cultural References

: Popular anime titles, sports teams (e.g., Hanshin Tigers), and local landmarks often serve as the basis for personal credentials. The "8-4 Rule" Misconception

: While many organizations suggest an "8-4 rule"—using at least 8 characters with 4 different character types—users often implement this in the most predictable way possible, such as "Password123!". 4. Current Best Practices for 2026

To combat the vulnerabilities found in updated password lists, security experts now recommend moving beyond simple complexity toward "unpredictable length": Length over Complexity : A 12-character strong password (e.g., ^%Pl@Y! NiCE2026

) is significantly more resilient to brute-force attacks than a complex 8-character one. Randomization Password Generators

is now considered essential to eliminate human bias and cultural patterns. Management Tools Password Management

practices advocate for centralized, encrypted vaults to handle unique credentials for every service. 5. Conclusion

The "Japanese Password List" serves as a reminder that human behavior is often the weakest link in the security chain. While cultural nuances provide a localized flavor to credential sets, the underlying issue remains a preference for memorability over security. For Japanese users and organizations, the path forward involves a combination of MFA adoption and the phasing out of human-generated passwords in favor of machine-generated, high-entropy strings. for Japan or see a comparison of Japanese vs. Global top 10 password lists? Strong Passwords

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2. Use Cases (Legitimate & Malicious)

Legitimate:

• Penetration testers auditing Japanese organizations (adds localization to dictionary attacks).
• Security researchers checking password hygiene trends in Japan.
• System administrators enforcing blacklists.

Malicious:

• Brute-force attacks against Japanese user accounts (webmail, forums, FTP, SSH).
• Credential stuffing using leaked Japanese databases.